Received:09-Sep-20121接受日期：Sep 23, 2021;Published:30-Sep-2021

Citation:Berelson S.环境中的放射性污染。J Environ Chem Toxicol 2021;5（5）：1。

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Commentary

The numerous applications of radioisotopes for industrial, medicinal, and power generation invariably result in the release of some of those radioisotopes into the environment. These releases can be classified as either planned releases that are a typical element of the technology’s application or unplanned or uncontrolled discharges that are linked with incidents. In the case of routine environmental discharges, each activity is examined to ensure that the advantages outweigh the drawbacks and that the health risks are insignificant. When it comes to accidental leaks, government officials utilize action levels to assess when clean-up efforts are necessary to protect the public’s health.

Radioactive contamination is caused by the release of radionuclides into the environment by nuclear power plants, military bases, research institutions, hospitals, and general industry. Furthermore, historical nuclear weapons testing in the atmosphere and underground, nuclear and radioactive accidents, and the intentional discharge of radioactive wastes from nuclear and other establishments are sources of radioactive contamination. Such radionuclides have the potential to migrate from the atmosphere and the oceans to the ground and into the food chain. In the form of natural radiation, radiation is widespread on Earth.

所有生物体中总是存在各种来源的辐射。Roentgen和Becquerel在理解辐射及其对人类和环境的影响方面的开创性工作可以追溯到近一个世纪。不到40年后，Curies开发了第一个纯放射性材料，科学家在这一发现的十年内将原子分开。此后，辐射已被用来诊断和治疗医疗问题，以产生力量以及其他各种工业，农业和研究用途。污染是人类的主要挑战之一。当物质以阻止生态学充分处理它的方式或数量释放到环境中时，就会发生这种情况，从而对生态系统产生负面影响。

Both governments and individuals have placed a high priority on protecting the environment from the effects of radioactive pollution. The atom is the fundamental building block of matter; it is composed of a small heavy nucleus surrounded by an electron cloud. Positively charged protons and neutrally charged neutrons make up the nucleus. If the nucleus has too many neutrons or protons, the forces between them become imbalanced, resulting in an unstable nucleus. An unstable nucleus will vibrate incessantly and attempt to achieve stability by radioactive decay. Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and neutron radiation are the most common forms of radiation emitted during radioactive decay. Alpha particles are positively charged and energetic helium nuclei made up of two protons and two neutrons.

这些颗粒的发射在核能中的发射比铅比铅少，但在铀238，radium-226和Polonium-210等较重的核素中广泛存在。尽管它们的能量巨大，但这些颗粒由于质量高而缓慢地穿过空气，并且可以完全被纸或皮肤吸收。β颗粒是电子迅速移动并在放射性衰减期间从核中发出的电子。β衰减有两种类型。一个质子在初始 +衰减中转化为中子，并发出正电子和中微子。在第二个腐烂中，中子变成质子，并发出抗神经抗体。人类会暴露于辐射的人造和自然来源的β颗粒。Tritium，Tritium，Carbon-14和锶90是发射相当大的β辐射的常见放射性核素的例子。

β颗粒比α颗粒更渗透，并且可以被塑料，玻璃或金属板完全吸收。伽马射线是称为光子的失重能量包，它是一种高频电磁辐射。天然存在于人体中的钾40是环境中伽马射线的来源之一。钴60和剖宫产137是两个人工来源。伽玛射线非常穿透，只有较厚的材料（例如铅）才能提供足够的屏蔽。伽马射线可以轻松地穿过人体，只有一小部分被组织吸收。中子辐射定义为由不稳定的核发出的中子，该核经常裂痕和融合。中子非常穿透；当它们与物质或组织相互作用时，它们会发出和辐射。