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Microfabrication is the process of creating miniature structures below the micrometer range. Historically, the earliest microfabrication techniques were used to manufacture integrated circuits, also known as "semiconductor manufacturing" or "semiconductor device manufacturing." Flat screens and solar cells use similar technology. The miniaturization of various devices poses challenges in many areas of the natural and engineering sciences, including physics, chemistry, materials science, computer science, ultra-precision engineering, manufacturing processes, and device design and it .also leads to various interdisciplinary studies. T
